Dynamical Systems
(mastermath)
- Aim:
The aim of this course is to introduce the student to concepts,
examples, results and techniques for studying smooth dynamical systems
generated by ordinary differential equations or maps.
The student learns to apply techniques from topology and analysis to
study properties of
dynamical systems.
- Description:
We provide a broad introduction to the subject of dynamical systems.
In particular we develop theory of topological dynamics, symbolic dynamics and
hyperbolic dynamics. Several examples are used to illustrate the theory and clarify the development
of the theory.
An aim of dynamical systems theory is to describe asymptotic properties
of orbits for typical initial points. The strength and beauty of the
theory lies herein that techniques to do so work not only for special
examples but for large classes of dynamical systems.
The focus of the course will always be on learning techniques to analyse
dynamical systems
without relying on explicit formulas for the dynamical system.
As an example, the hyperbolic torus automorphism
$(x,y) \mapsto (2 1 // 1 1) (x,y) \mod 1$ on the torus $R^2/Z^2$ is a
topologically transitive dynamical system for which most orbits lie
dense in the torus.
What makes the example relevant is that small perturbations of it share
its relevant properties.
The automorphism is for instance $C^1$-structurally stable, so that a
$C^1$ small perturbation
is also topologically transitive.
To see this requires much more advanced techniques than needed to study
the linear automorphism.
These techniques rely on the construction of stable and unstable
manifolds.
The stable manifold theorem is among the highlights of the course.
Another central result we cover is the structural stability theorem for hyperbolic sets.
A topical description of contents:
-- Topological dynamics. Notions to describe attractors, limit sets and chaotic dynamics
such as recurrence, topological transitivity, topological mixing.
-- Symbolic dynamics and their use to study chaotic dynamics. Full shift. Subshift of finite type. Topological Markov chain.
-- Aspects of bifurcation theory
-- Examples of chaotic dynamical systems such as hyperbolic torus automorphisms, the Smale horseshoe map and the solenoid.
-- Hyperbolic dynamics. Stable manifolds. Shadowing (finding real orbits near approximate orbits).
-- Structural stability and its relation with hyperbolicity. Shadowing as a technique to study structural stability.
- Organisation:
2x45 min lectures + 45 min exercise session per week.
- Examination:
Two larger sets of homework exercises will be given.
The end grade is determined from these homework sets and an individual written exam, both counting for half the grade.
- Literature:
Michael Brin and Garrett Stuck
Introduction to Dynamical Systems
Cambridge University Press
- Prerequisites:
Prerequisite is material covered in a standard bachelor program in
mathematics,
containing in particular a bachelor course on ordinary differential
equations and topology.
In dynamical systems theory, results for dynamical systems generated by
maps or differential equations are developed in parallel. Our focus will
be on dynamical systems generated by maps.
A bachelor course on differential equations treats how a differential
equation gives rise to a flow, i.e. a dynamical system, and starts a
study of its qualitative properties.
Notions and techniques from topological dynamical systems are used
throughout the course and require knowledge of topology as taught in a
bachelor programme.
Contents
- September 9-October 28:
lectured by Bob Rink.
- November 4: Chapter 4 (Ergodic Theory), Sections 4.1, 4.2.
A slightly more extensive excerpt of measure theory is the
appendix from the book "Ergodic Theory - with a view towards Number Theory" by
Manfred Einsiedler and Tom Ward.
Suggested exercises: 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3,
proof of isomorphism between one-sided shift on two symbols and doubling map on the unit interval.
- November 11: Chapter 4 (Ergodic Theory), Section 4.3, 4.4.
Additional information on ergodicity
(equivalent formulations, prove of ergodicity of example dynamical systems) is in section 2.3 from the book "Ergodic Theory - with a view towards Number Theory" by
Manfred Einsiedler and Tom Ward.
Suggested exercises: 4.3.1, 4.3.5, 4.3.7, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.4.5, 4.4.6, 4.4.7.
- November 18: Chapter 4 (Ergodic Theory), Section 4.5.
Suggested exercises: 4.5.1, 4.5.6.
- November 25: Chapter 4 (Ergodic Theory), Section 4.6, Propositions 4.7.1, 4.7.2.
Einsiedler/Ward contains additional reading on the Krylov-Bogolyubov theorem
and on unique ergodicity.
Suggested exercises: 4.6.1, 4.6.3, 4.6.4, 4.6.5, 4.7.1.
- December 2, Chapter 5 (Hyperbolic Dynamics), Section 5.1, 5.2, 5.4.
Suggested exercises: 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.1.3, 5.1.4, 5.2.4, 5.2.5, 5.4.2.
- December 9, Chapter 5 (Hyperbolic Dynamics), Section 5.3, 5.5, 5.6.
Additional reading on stable manifolds and stability of hyperbolic sets is in these
notes.
Suggested exercises: 5.3.3, 5.3.4.
The homework exercises must be handed in on or before
December 24.